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The treatment and disposal of surplus sludge are currently one of the most contentious environmental issues in the wastewater treatment industry. Excessive sludge from sewage treatment results from bacterial growth, the formation of inert materials in wastewater, and the buildup of endogenous residue. This article looks at the development of an innovative sewage sludge drying method using a modified solar greenhouse. The paper was published in Clean Technologies.
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Sludge handling in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is associated with significant operational costs, which vary based on the plant’s site and the treatment method used in both the wastewater and sludge handling units.
Recent studies have pushed for the development of creative and cost-effective methods aimed at lowering surplus sludge distribution costs.
Sun greenhouse drying systems are a beneficial alternative for medium-small-scale WWTPs located in climate zones defined by strong solar radiation, with the goal of adopting environmentally friendly operations and utilizing renewable energy sources. Traditional solar greenhouses use both solar-generated hot water and energy provided by the greenhouse effect.
A dynamic greenhouse for sludge drying is made out of an impermeable floor warmed by hot water pipes where the wet sludge is placed, and a transparent ceiling (polycarbonate or glass) that creates the greenhouse effect.
Static solar greenhouses for sludge drying founded on the assumption of heat convection have not yet been presented to the best of the researchers’ knowledge. In light of this, the current research presents the first findings obtained with a unique closed-static solar greenhouse setup for sludge drying.
The use of a forced ventilation system rather than hot water below the wet sludge for sludge drying was the solar greenhouse’s key innovation, as was the use of 100% green energy for the whole system’s functioning.
A 0.97-m long and 0.64-m wide polyvinylchloride (PVC) tank was used to design and build a pilot-scale greenhouse.
To prevent heat dispersion and conductive heat transmission to the outside, the tank’s sidewalls were sealed with polyurethane foam and an isothermal blanket. The solar greenhouse is depicted schematically in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic view of the static solar greenhouse. Image Credit: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
All studies, including the determination of sludge humidity and dry content, as well as overall and volatile suspended solids contents, were carried out using conventional procedures.
The drying curve was calculated to determine the sludge’s drying kinetics. This graph depicts the drying rate of the sample as a function of the sludge’s residual humidity. The drying rate was measured by subtracting the cumulative volume of water drained from the original water content, whereas the residual humidity of the sludge was measured by subtracting the constant quantity of water drained from the starting water content.
Figure 2 depicts the trends in mean temperature and highest solar radiation measured at various sites in the solar greenhouse as a consequence of weather conditions during the study.
Figure 2. Wheatear conditions, trends of the average temperature measured in different points (a) and trend of the maximum daily solar irradiation (b). Image Credit: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
The weather was bright or somewhat cloudy for the first 14 days, then it became largely cloudy for the remainder of the study, with rainfall occurrences on days 23 and 24. Weather variables influenced the maximum daily incident sun radiation (Figure 2b).
This study looked at the impact of varied airflow rates underneath the sludge layer on the sludge drying process. Figure 3 depicts the relationship between residual humidity and the airflow rate blown further out on the sludge level.
Figure 3. Trends of the residual humidity and the airflow rates during the experiment. Image Credit: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
During the first 18 days, the drying rate remained consistent, resulting in a daily humidity loss of around 2.30%. Beginning on the 19th day, the drying rate increased dramatically, resulting in a substantially higher humidity loss of close to 4% each day. This suggested that the airflow rate from the bottom of the sludge layer had an impact on the sludge drying kinetics and performance.
The drainage curve and sludge humidity at various levels were measured to provide deeper information regarding the sludge drying process and kinetics. Figure 4 displays a thorough view of the various phases of the sludge drying process, as well as the drainage curve, produced throughout the research (Figure 4a) and (Figure 4b).
Figure 4. Sludge drying curve (a); detailed view of the several phases during sludge drying process (b). Image Credit: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
Figure 4a shows the usual profile of the wastewater sludge drying process reported in earlier research.
In particular, the curve’s initial phase was marked by a fairly steady water loss rate of around 5 L/minute, which correlated to the removal of residual water as stated in the literature. About 8% of the sludge’s basic moisture content was removed during this phase, which lasted roughly 3 minutes (Figure 4b).
Figure 5 shows the trends in sludge humidity measured by sensors at various levels below the surface during the course of nine operational days.
Figure 5. Trends of sludge humidity at different levels within the sludge. Image Credit: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
The starting and end values of the VSS/TSS ratio and sludge weight are shown in Figure 6. Wet sludge had an initial weight of around 125 kg, with a volatile suspended solids content of 73%.
Figure 6. Initial and final values of VSS/TSS and weight of the sludge. Image Credit: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
Figure 7 shows two images of the sludge at the end of the test.
Figure 7. Images of the dried sludge at the end of the experiments. Image Credit: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
The sludge has a porous structure with a lot of cavities in it. This is attributable to the fact that throughout the drying process, channels of various diameters are formed inside the sludge, allowing water to drain.
The ultimate weight of the sludge at the end of the experiment was 1.67 kg, representing a decrease of almost 99% of the beginning sludge weight.
The net present value (NPV) was estimated for a 20-year period to determine the economic viability of sludge drying in the modified solar greenhouse.
The annual values of the NPV are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Summary of the economic assessment though the NPV referred to a treatment potential of 1000 kg/d. Source: Sorrenti, et al., 2022
A redesigned solar greenhouse’s effectiveness for sewage sludge drying was evaluated. In 25 days, a residual humidity of around 5% was achieved, according to the findings. Furthermore, the introduction of hot air beneath the sludge bed resulted in a simultaneous impact of sludge stabilization.
Drying achieves a considerable weight reduction of up to 99%, which lowers sludge handling costs. Solar greenhouses are a very attractive technique for sludge drying in small WWTPs because of their low investment costs, low energy consumption (because of the use of solar energy), and easy maintenance.
Furthermore, because of the high dry solids content and low total volatile concentration, new disposal options, such as thermal treatment for energy recovery, may become available.
More research is needed to have a better understanding of the drying process and to assess the impact of various operational parameters on drying efficiency and process dynamics.
Sorrenti, A., Corsino, S. F., Traina, F., Viviani, G., Torregrossa, M. (2022) Enhanced Sewage Sludge Drying with a Modified Solar Greenhouse. Clean Technologies, 4(2), pp. 407-419. Available Online: https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/4/2/25/htm.
Laura Thomson graduated from Manchester Metropolitan University with an English and Sociology degree. During her studies, Laura worked as a Proofreader and went on to do this full time until moving on to work as a Website Editor for a leading analytics and media company. In her spare time, Laura enjoys reading a range of books and writing historical fiction. She also loves to see new places in the world and spends many weekends looking after dogs.
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